"De quelle nationalité êtes-vous ?"
Here's a breakdown:
* De quelle: Of what
* nationalité: Nationality
* êtes-vous: Are you (formal "you")
Other possible ways to ask:
* Quelle est votre nationalité ? (What is your nationality?)
* D'où venez-vous ? (Where are you from?) - This is a more general question, but it can often lead to a discussion about nationality.
Remember to use the formal "vous" when speaking to someone you don't know well or who is older than you.