Naturalism in 19th Century Literature: A Glimpse into the Harsh Realities
Naturalism, a literary movement flourishing in the late 19th century, emerged as a darker, more pessimistic offshoot of Realism. It aimed to depict life as it truly is, focusing on the harsh realities and social injustices of the time, often through the lens of scientific determinism.
Here are some key characteristics of Naturalism in 19th-century literature:
1. Emphasis on the "Brute" Forces of Life:
Naturalist writers explored the influence of heredity, environment, and social forces on human behavior. They believed that individuals were largely controlled by these external factors, leaving little room for free will. This often resulted in bleak and deterministic narratives where characters are trapped by their circumstances.
2. Focus on the Lower Classes and Marginalized Individuals:
Naturalist authors often chose to portray the lives of working-class individuals, immigrants, and other marginalized groups. They explored their struggles with poverty, violence, and societal oppression, highlighting the harsh realities of their existence.
3. Objective and "Scientific" Approach to Writing:
Naturalists aimed for objectivity in their writing, often employing a detached, clinical style. They used scientific terminology and detailed descriptions to create a sense of realism and objectivity, emphasizing the biological and physiological aspects of human nature.
4. Exploration of Social Problems and Injustices:
Naturalism sought to expose the social ills of the time, including poverty, alcoholism, prostitution, and urban decay. The writers aimed to awaken readers to the realities of these problems and challenge societal norms.
5. Deterministic and Pessimistic Tone:
Naturalist works often conveyed a sense of hopelessness and fatalism. Characters are often trapped by their circumstances, and their lives are driven by forces beyond their control. The overall tone is often bleak and pessimistic, reflecting the anxieties and disillusionment of the era.
Notable Authors and Works:
* Emile Zola: "Germinal", "Nana", "L'Assommoir"
* Stephen Crane: "The Red Badge of Courage", "Maggie: A Girl of the Streets"
* Theodore Dreiser: "Sister Carrie", "An American Tragedy"
* Jack London: "The Call of the Wild", "Martin Eden"
* Frank Norris: "The Octopus", "McTeague"
Influence and Legacy:
Naturalism's influence extended beyond literature, influencing other art forms, such as painting and theatre. Its exploration of social issues and its emphasis on realism continue to resonate with contemporary audiences. While it may not be the dominant literary movement today, its themes of determinism, social injustice, and the human struggle against overwhelming forces remain relevant and continue to inspire writers and artists alike.