Definitions of Tourism by Different Scholars:
While a universal definition of tourism remains elusive, various scholars offer valuable insights into this complex phenomenon. Here are some prominent definitions:
Early definitions:
* Theobald (1994): "Tourism is a temporary, voluntary, non-work-related activity that involves travelling to and staying in places outside one's usual environment, for leisure, business, and other purposes, and the activities undertaken during the stay." This definition focuses on the temporary and voluntary nature of tourism, highlighting the distinction from migration and other forms of travel.
* Mathieson and Wall (1982): "Tourism is a journey for pleasure, business, or other purposes, involving an overnight stay." This definition incorporates the notion of an overnight stay, distinguishing tourism from day trips.
Contemporary definitions:
* UNWTO (2018): "Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes." This definition by the United Nations World Tourism Organization is widely accepted and emphasizes the duration of the trip, not exceeding a year.
* Swarbrooke (2007): "Tourism is a dynamic, multifaceted, and complex phenomenon that involves the movement of people to and from places outside their usual environment, usually for leisure or business purposes. It encompasses a range of activities, including accommodation, transportation, food and beverage, attractions, entertainment, and shopping." This definition highlights the multifaceted nature of tourism, encompassing various activities and sectors.
* Hall (2014): "Tourism is a social, cultural, and economic phenomenon that involves the movement of people to and from places outside their usual environment, for a variety of purposes. It encompasses a range of activities, including travel, accommodation, food and beverage, entertainment, and shopping, and has a significant impact on the environment, economy, and society." This definition emphasizes the social, cultural, and economic dimensions of tourism, recognizing its influence on various aspects of life.
Other perspectives:
* Sustainable Tourism: This perspective focuses on tourism that minimizes environmental impact and supports local communities, fostering long-term economic benefits.
* Tourism and Development: This perspective examines the role of tourism in driving economic development and poverty reduction, particularly in developing countries.
* Cultural Tourism: This perspective emphasizes the exploration of different cultures and the impact of tourism on local communities and traditions.
Ultimately, defining tourism remains a challenge due to its multifaceted nature and ever-evolving characteristics. The definitions offered by different scholars provide valuable insights into the various dimensions of tourism, but a universal definition may not be achievable.