1. Bennett's Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity:
* Denial: Unaware of cultural differences. Believes their own culture is the only or the best way.
* Defense: Recognizes cultural differences but views them as negative or threatening.
* Minimization: Recognizes cultural differences but believes they are insignificant or superficial.
* Acceptance: Acknowledges and accepts cultural differences as legitimate.
* Adaptation: Adjusts behavior and communication to be culturally appropriate.
* Integration: Can move fluidly between different cultural contexts and perspectives.
2. The Cultural Competence Continuum (Cross, Bazron, Dennis, & Isaacs, 1989):
* Cultural Destructiveness: Actively seeking to destroy other cultures.
* Cultural Incapacity: Lacking the capacity to help people from other cultures, even with good intentions.
* Cultural Blindness: Believing that all cultures are the same and treating everyone the same, regardless of their cultural background.
* Cultural Pre-Competence: Recognizing cultural differences and making efforts to be more culturally competent.
* Cultural Competence: Demonstrating sensitivity and understanding of cultural differences and adapting accordingly.
* Cultural Proficiency: Continuously learning and improving cultural competence, actively seeking to advance equity and inclusion.
3. The Ladder of Cultural Competence (Campinha-Bacote, 2002):
* Cultural Destructiveness: Denigrating and destroying other cultures.
* Cultural Incapacity: Lack of awareness, knowledge, and skills to work with other cultures.
* Cultural Blindness: Belief that everyone is the same, ignoring cultural differences.
* Cultural Pre-competence: Recognizing cultural differences and working to improve skills in working with other cultures.
* Basic Cultural Competence: Demonstrating a basic understanding and awareness of cultural differences.
* Proficiency: Having the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to provide culturally competent services.
* Advancement: Continuously working to improve cultural competency and promote equity.
It's important to note:
* These models are not linear, and individuals may move back and forth between stages.
* Cultural proficiency is an ongoing journey, requiring continuous learning and adaptation.
The specific "three levels" you are asking about are not explicitly defined in any of these models, but you could potentially conceptualize them as:
* Level 1: Awareness: Recognizing that cultural differences exist (e.g., Denial, Cultural Incapacity, Cultural Blindness)
* Level 2: Understanding: Developing knowledge and skills to navigate different cultural contexts (e.g., Minimization, Pre-competence, Basic Cultural Competence)
* Level 3: Action: Applying cultural awareness and understanding to create inclusive and equitable environments (e.g., Acceptance, Adaptation, Proficiency, Advancement)
Ultimately, the most important aspect is to recognize that cultural proficiency is a complex process requiring ongoing effort and self-reflection.