1. Direct borrowing: Many English words are direct borrowings from Latin. These words retain their original Latin form and meaning.
* Example: The Latin word "corpus" (body) directly became the English word "corpus", referring to a collection of writings or a body of knowledge.
2. Borrowing and adaptation: Some English words are derived from Latin words but have been adapted in form or meaning.
* Example: The Latin word "manus" (hand) was borrowed into English as "manual" (a book of instructions or a guide). The original meaning of "hand" has been transformed to refer to a guide or tool for a task.
3. Latin-based suffixes and prefixes: English uses Latin suffixes and prefixes to create new words from existing roots. These are called affixes.
* Example: The Latin prefix "re-" (again) can be added to the Latin root "fund" (pour) to create the English word "refund" (to return money).
4. Cognates: Cognates are words in different languages that share a common ancestor and often have similar spellings, pronunciations, and meanings. Many English words are cognates with Latin words.
* Example: The English word "father" is a cognate of the Latin word "pater". Both words share a common ancestor in Proto-Indo-European, the language from which many modern European languages evolved.
Overall, the relationship between English derivatives and Latin roots is one of inheritance and adaptation. English has borrowed extensively from Latin, and it continues to use Latin elements to create new words and express new ideas.