1. Adding letters:
* Adding a vowel: When adding suffixes starting with a vowel, you might need to add a vowel to the root word to maintain a smooth pronunciation. For example:
* "hope" + "-ing" = "hoping" (adding an 'i' to maintain the soft 'g' sound)
* "sad" + "-ly" = "sadly" (adding a 'y' to maintain the soft 'd' sound)
* Adding a consonant: Some suffixes may require adding a consonant to the root word. For example:
* "run" + "-er" = "runner" (adding an 'n' to make the sound more pronounced)
* Adding a combination of vowels and consonants: Some suffixes, like "-ment," "-ness," or "-tion," can add a combination of letters. For example:
* "create" + "-ment" = "createment"
* "happy" + "-ness" = "happiness"
* "inform" + "-ation" = "information"
2. Changing the final letter of the root word:
* Dropping the final 'e': When a suffix starting with a vowel is added, the final 'e' of the root word is often dropped:
* "love" + "-able" = "lovable"
* "create" + "-ing" = "creating"
* Keeping the final 'e': In some cases, the final 'e' is kept to maintain the correct sound:
* "safe" + "-ly" = "safely"
* Changing the final consonant: Sometimes, the final consonant of the root word is doubled to keep the correct sound:
* "stop" + "-ing" = "stopping"
* "run" + "-ning" = "running"
3. Changing the spelling of the root word internally:
* Changing the spelling of the root word itself: Some words may have a slightly different spelling when a suffix is added:
* "hope" + "-ful" = "hopeful"
* "happy" + "-ly" = "happily"
Overall, the specific spelling changes depend on the root word, the suffix, and the rules of English spelling. It's important to learn these rules and practice applying them to correctly spell words with suffixes.