-s and -es:
* Plural: These suffixes are used to indicate that there is more than one of something.
* -s: Added to most nouns (cat -> cats, book -> books)
* -es: Added to nouns ending in -s, -x, -ch, -sh, or -z (bus -> buses, box -> boxes, church -> churches, dish -> dishes, buzz -> buzzes)
* Third person singular present tense: These suffixes are added to verbs in the present tense when the subject is a third person singular (he, she, it).
* -s: Added to most verbs (walk -> walks, talk -> talks)
* -es: Added to verbs ending in -s, -x, -ch, -sh, or -z (kiss -> kisses, fix -> fixes, watch -> watches, wash -> washes, buzz -> buzzes)
-ly:
* Adverb: This suffix is added to adjectives to create adverbs, which describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
* quick -> quickly, slow -> slowly, happy -> happily
-er and -or:
* Agent: These suffixes are used to form nouns that denote a person or thing that performs an action.
* -er: Added to verbs (teach -> teacher, sing -> singer)
* -or: Added to verbs (act -> actor, invent -> inventor)
Important Note: There are some exceptions and variations to these rules, but they're a good starting point for understanding these common suffixes.