Characters:
* Their motivations and desires: What drives the characters? What are they striving for? What are their flaws and how do they change throughout the story?
* Their relationships: How do the characters interact with each other? Do their relationships change over time?
* Their growth or lack thereof: Do characters learn from their experiences? Do they become better or worse people?
Plot:
* The central conflict: What is the main problem or obstacle the characters face?
* The turning points: What events cause the characters to change or make important decisions?
* The resolution: How is the conflict resolved? Does the resolution leave the characters in a better or worse position?
Setting:
* The time and place: Does the setting contribute to the conflict? Does it symbolize something larger?
* The atmosphere: Is the setting lighthearted or somber? Does it evoke certain emotions in the reader?
Symbols:
* Recurring objects or images: Do certain objects or images appear repeatedly? What might they represent?
* Metaphors and similes: What comparisons are made? What do they reveal about the characters or the themes?
Language and Tone:
* The author's use of language: Does the author use formal or informal language? Is the writing poetic or straightforward?
* The overall tone of the story: Is the story funny, serious, tragic, or hopeful?
By analyzing these characteristics, you can begin to understand the underlying meaning or message of the story, which is its theme.
Remember: A theme is not just a single word or phrase. It's a complex idea that is explored throughout the story. It may even be open to interpretation.