Changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech:
1. Reporting Verb: Begin with a reporting verb like "said", "asked", "told", "explained", "remarked", etc., followed by the person who spoke.
2. Reporting Clause: This clause usually begins with a conjunction like "that", "if", or "whether".
3. Change Pronouns: Adjust pronouns (I, you, he, she, etc.) to reflect the new speaker's perspective.
4. Tense Shift:
* Past tense in direct speech: Shift to past perfect tense in indirect speech.
Example: "I went to the store," she said. --> She said that she had gone to the store.
* Present tense in direct speech: Shift to past tense in indirect speech.
Example: "I am going to the store," she said. --> She said that she was going to the store.
* Future tense in direct speech: Shift to conditional tense (would + verb) in indirect speech.
Example: "I will go to the store," she said. --> She said that she would go to the store.
* Present perfect in direct speech: Shift to past perfect in indirect speech.
Example: "I have been to the store," she said. --> She said that she had been to the store.
* Present continuous in direct speech: Shift to past continuous in indirect speech.
Example: "I am going to the store," she said. --> She said that she was going to the store.
5. Change Time/Place References: If the original speech refers to time/place in the past, these may need to be adjusted.
6. Omit Quotation Marks: Remove the quotation marks used for direct speech.
Example:
Direct speech: "I will be at the meeting tomorrow," she said.
Indirect speech: She said that she would be at the meeting the next day.
Changing Indirect Speech into Direct Speech:
1. Identify the Reporting Verb and Clause: Find the verb that introduces the reported speech and the clause that follows it.
2. Remove the Reporting Clause: Remove the conjunction "that" or any other introductory words.
3. Reverse the Tense Shift: Shift the verb back to its original tense.
4. Change Pronouns: Adjust pronouns back to the original speaker's perspective.
5. Restore Time/Place References: Change any adjusted time/place references back to the original wording.
6. Add Quotation Marks: Enclose the words within quotation marks.
Example:
Indirect speech: He said that he had been to the beach.
Direct speech: "I have been to the beach," he said.
Note: There are exceptions to the tense changes, and some sentences cannot be converted into direct speech because they contain opinions, beliefs, or general truths. Always pay attention to the context and the meaning of the sentence when making the conversion.