Audio-Lingual Method (ALM):
* Focus: Primarily on oral fluency through pattern drills and repetition of dialogues.
* Language Acquisition: Based on behaviorist theory, believing language learning is through habit formation and reinforcement.
* Grammar: Taught inductively through practice, not explicitly explained.
* Vocabulary: Introduced through situational dialogues and practiced through drills.
* Native Language: Minimized and discouraged.
* Teaching Materials: Audio recordings, dialogues, and drills.
* Teacher Role: Active and directive, leading drills and providing feedback.
* Learner Role: Passive and receptive, mimicking patterns and responding to drills.
Direct Method (DM):
* Focus: On communication and natural language acquisition through real-life situations and interactive tasks.
* Language Acquisition: Based on cognitive theory, believing language learning occurs through meaningful understanding and interaction.
* Grammar: Taught inductively through context and communication, but may be explained if necessary.
* Vocabulary: Introduced through meaningful contexts and real-world activities.
* Native Language: Minimized but used occasionally for clarification or when necessary.
* Teaching Materials: Real-life objects, visuals, and authentic materials.
* Teacher Role: Facilitator and guide, creating communicative situations and providing support.
* Learner Role: Active and engaged, participating in conversations and solving problems.
Key Differences in a Nutshell:
| Feature | Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) | Direct Method (DM) |
|---|---|---|
| Focus | Oral fluency through drills | Communication and natural language |
| Language Acquisition | Behaviorist theory, habit formation | Cognitive theory, meaningful interaction |
| Grammar | Taught inductively, not explained | Taught inductively, may be explained |
| Vocabulary | Introduced through dialogues and drills | Introduced through meaningful contexts |
| Native Language | Minimized and discouraged | Minimized, used for clarification |
| Teaching Materials | Audio recordings, dialogues, and drills | Real-life objects, visuals, authentic materials |
| Teacher Role | Active and directive | Facilitator and guide |
| Learner Role | Passive and receptive | Active and engaged |
Overall:
* ALM focuses on developing language skills through repetitive drills and memorization.
* DM emphasizes communication and interaction through real-life situations and meaningful activities.
The best approach for language learning depends on individual learning preferences and teaching goals. Some modern methods incorporate elements from both ALM and DM to create a more comprehensive approach.