Linguistic Perspective on Second Language Teaching: A Focus on Language Acquisition
The linguistic perspective on Second Language Teaching (SLT) emphasizes how language is learned and applies this understanding to design effective teaching methods. It goes beyond simply teaching grammar rules and focuses on understanding the complex processes involved in acquiring a new language.
Here's a breakdown of key aspects of this perspective:
1. Theories of Language Acquisition:
* Universal Grammar (UG): This theory, proposed by Noam Chomsky, suggests humans are born with innate knowledge of language structures, which guides language acquisition. SLT methods based on UG focus on providing comprehensible input and encouraging learners to use the language creatively.
* Input Hypothesis (Krashen): This theory emphasizes the importance of receiving comprehensible input, meaning language that is slightly above the learner's current level. This input allows learners to acquire language naturally through exposure and understanding.
* Interaction Hypothesis (Long): This theory highlights the role of interaction and negotiation of meaning in language acquisition. Learners benefit from engaging in meaningful conversations and resolving communication breakdowns.
2. Focus on Language Structures:
* Phonetics and Phonology: Understanding how sounds are produced and perceived in the target language is crucial for accurate pronunciation.
* Morphology and Syntax: Learning the structure of words (morphology) and how words are combined to form sentences (syntax) are essential for understanding and producing grammatically correct language.
* Semantics and Pragmatics: Learning the meaning of words and phrases (semantics) and how language is used in different social contexts (pragmatics) are critical for effective communication.
3. Classroom Applications:
* Communicative Language Teaching (CLT): This approach emphasizes using language for meaningful communication, focusing on authentic tasks and real-world scenarios.
* Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT): This method uses communicative tasks to provide learners with opportunities to use the language in a practical and engaging way.
* Error Analysis: Understanding learners' errors helps identify areas where they need more support and provides insights into the language acquisition process.
4. Importance of Learner-Centred Approach:
* Individual Differences: Recognizing that learners have different learning styles, needs, and backgrounds is crucial for tailoring instruction to meet their individual needs.
* Motivation and Affective Factors: The linguistic perspective acknowledges the importance of learners' motivation, attitude, and emotional state in language acquisition.
5. Ongoing Research and Development:
The linguistic perspective is constantly evolving as new research emerges about language acquisition. This ongoing research informs the development of new teaching methods and resources to better support language learners.
In conclusion, the linguistic perspective on SLT emphasizes the importance of understanding language acquisition, focusing on the structures of the language and providing learners with opportunities to use the language for meaningful communication in a supportive and engaging environment. This approach acknowledges the complexity of language learning and strives to create effective teaching methods that foster successful language acquisition.