Here's why:
* Prepositional phrases always begin with a preposition (e.g., "of," "in," "on," "by"). "Of mine" doesn't have a preposition.
* Possessive pronouns show ownership (e.g., "mine," "yours," "hers," "his"). They are used as adjectives to modify nouns.
Example:
"That book is of mine."
Here, "of mine" modifies the understood noun "book." The full sentence could be "That book is one of mine."