Diction (Word Choice):
* Deliberate Euphemisms: Swift employs euphemisms like "breeding," "produce," "profitable," and "nourishing" to describe the horrific act of cannibalism. This creates a jarring contrast between the seemingly benign language and the grotesque reality, highlighting the absurdity of the proposal.
* Technical and Statistical Language: Swift uses language typically associated with economic and scientific discourse ("breeders," "market value," "saleable"). This lends an air of seriousness and objectivity to the proposal, further amplifying its satirical effect. He even presents his proposal as a solution to poverty and overpopulation, mimicking the tone of official reports.
* Formal and Elevated Language: Swift uses a formal and eloquent tone throughout, even when describing gruesome details. This stark juxtaposition between the subject matter and the style further underscores the satire.
Syntax (Sentence Structure):
* Short, Declarative Sentences: Swift frequently employs short, declarative sentences, particularly when outlining the practical benefits of his proposal. This creates a sense of bluntness and directness, reinforcing the shocking nature of his ideas.
* Repetition: Swift strategically uses repetition, especially of phrases like "I shall now therefore humbly propose," to emphasize the seemingly logical and practical nature of his proposal, even though it is utterly preposterous.
* Use of Questions: Swift poses rhetorical questions throughout the essay. These questions, often aimed at the reader, subtly guide their thinking and expose the absurdity of the societal structures he criticizes.
Overall Effect:
By combining carefully chosen diction and strategically crafted syntax, Swift achieves a highly effective satire. He:
* Exposes the hypocrisy: Swift utilizes language to highlight the hypocrisy and callousness of those in power who were indifferent to the plight of the poor.
* Creates a sense of shock and outrage: The juxtaposition of the proposal's brutality with the seemingly rational and eloquent presentation serves to shock the reader and provoke outrage.
* Encourages critical reflection: The essay forces readers to confront the underlying social problems that Swift is satirizing, prompting them to re-evaluate their own perspectives.
In essence, Swift's masterful use of diction and syntax transforms a horrifyingly absurd idea into a powerful tool of social commentary, ensuring that "A Modest Proposal" remains relevant and impactful even centuries after its publication.