Here's how it's used:
* "I'm going to take his temperature before I ask for a raise." This implies that the speaker wants to gauge the boss's mood and see if it's a good time to approach him about a raise.
* "She's been really quiet all day. I need to take her temperature and see what's going on." This implies that the speaker wants to understand the person's emotional state and see if something is bothering them.
In essence, "taking someone's temperature" is about assessing their emotional state or intentions.