1. Differential Association Theory: Developed by Edwin Sutherland, this theory states that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others. Individuals are more likely to engage in criminal behavior if they associate with people who hold pro-criminal attitudes and values. This theory focuses on the influence of social groups and networks on individuals' development of criminal behavior.
2. Labeling Theory: This theory, pioneered by Howard Becker, focuses on the social construction of deviance. It suggests that crime and deviance are not inherent qualities of an act but are rather determined by how society labels and reacts to it. Individuals who are labeled as deviant are more likely to internalize this label and engage in further deviant behavior. This theory highlights the power of social control and the importance of social reactions in shaping individual behavior.