Origin:
* Old English: The word "nightmare" is a direct translation of the Old English phrase "mara," which was a terrifying creature in Germanic folklore.
* "Mara" or "Mære": This word was associated with a female demon or spirit who would sit on people's chests during sleep, causing nightmares and physical discomfort.
* "Mare" (Modern English): The term "mare" itself evolved from the word "mara," but took on the meaning of "female horse" in modern English.
Meaning:
* Nightmare (n.):
* Historically: A terrifying dream or a feeling of intense fear or dread.
* Modern: Now generally refers to a bad dream, but can also be used metaphorically for a frightening or unpleasant experience.
* Nightmare (adj.): This usage is much less common but describes something extremely frightening or unpleasant.
Cultural Significance:
* Folklore: The image of a nightmare creature sitting on someone's chest during sleep reflects a deep-seated human fear of the unknown and the potential dangers lurking in the dark.
* Literature and Art: Nightmares have been a recurring theme in literature, art, and mythology for centuries. They symbolize fear, anxiety, and the dark side of the human psyche.
In summary:
The word "nightmare" originates from a terrifying creature in Germanic folklore and has evolved to describe both unpleasant dreams and frightening experiences in general. Its meaning reflects humanity's enduring fascination with the dark and mysterious aspects of the world, both real and imagined.