Colonialism and Neocolonialism: The novel is set in the post-independence Kenya, but it starkly critiques the continued influence of Western powers and their exploitative practices. This is seen through the economic exploitation of Kenyan resources, the corruption of the government, and the cultural alienation of the people.
Social Inequality and Poverty: The novel exposes the widening gap between the rich and the poor in Kenya. It highlights the struggles of the marginalized and the impoverished who are often exploited by the wealthy and powerful.
Power and Corruption: The novel explores the corrupt nature of power and the ways in which it can be abused. The characters, especially the "Big Man" and his cronies, are depicted as ruthless and self-serving individuals who use their power to enrich themselves at the expense of the people.
Cultural Identity and Language: Ngugi is a strong advocate for African languages and uses Kikuyu throughout the novel. This emphasizes the importance of cultural identity and the threat posed by colonial languages and cultural practices.
Resistance and Rebellion: Despite the overwhelming odds against them, the characters in the novel display acts of resistance against the oppressive system. These acts, though often small and seemingly insignificant, symbolize the ongoing struggle for freedom and justice.
The Power of Storytelling: The novel itself is a powerful act of resistance through its narrative. The act of storytelling is used as a means to expose injustice, preserve cultural traditions, and inspire hope for a better future.
Hope and Resilience: Despite the bleakness of the situation, there are glimmers of hope in the novel. The characters' resilience, their unwavering belief in a better future, and their acts of resistance show the enduring spirit of the human will to fight for a just and equitable society.
Justice and Accountability: The novel calls for justice and accountability for the crimes committed against the people of Kenya. It seeks to hold the powerful responsible for their actions and demand a more equitable and just society.
In conclusion, "Devil on the Cross" is a multifaceted and thought-provoking novel that tackles complex issues of colonialism, social inequality, corruption, and the struggle for justice. It is a powerful indictment of oppressive systems and a testament to the human spirit's capacity for resilience and hope.