General:
* Idea
* Notion
* Concept
* Opinion
* Belief
* Reflection
* Cogitation
* Contemplation
* Consideration
* Reasoning
* Mental image
* Imagination
* Perception
More specific:
* For a sudden idea: Flash of insight, inspiration, epiphany
* For a negative thought: Worry, doubt, apprehension, fear
* For a deep thought: Pondering, meditation, musing
* For a shared thought: Consensus, agreement, understanding
Informal:
* Brainwave
* Notion
* Thought bubble
* Line of thinking
The best alternative will depend on the specific situation and the tone you're aiming for.