General synonyms:
* Launched
* Propelled
* Hurled
* Flung
* Shot
* Thrown
* Fired
More specific synonyms:
* Sudden rise or increase: Skyrocketed, rocketed, boosted, surged
* Forceful movement: Slung, tossed, ejected
* Figuratively: Elevated, elevated to fame, thrust into the spotlight
The best synonym depends on the specific situation and the intended meaning.
For example, "The company's new product catapulted them to success" could also be written as "The company's new product skyrocketed them to success."