1. Alienation from the product of labor: Workers do not own the products they create, and therefore have no control over their use or distribution. The product belongs to the capitalist, who sells it for profit, leaving the worker with only a wage. This creates a sense of estrangement from the fruits of one's own labor.
2. Alienation from the process of labor: Work under capitalism is often repetitive, monotonous, and devoid of intrinsic meaning. Workers are treated as cogs in a machine, with little autonomy or creativity in their work. This leads to a feeling of disengagement and lack of fulfillment.
3. Alienation from one's own species-being: Marx argued that humans are inherently creative and productive beings. However, under capitalism, this potential is stifled by the alienated nature of work. Workers are prevented from expressing their full humanity and potential through their labor.
4. Alienation from other workers: Capitalism fosters competition between workers rather than cooperation. Workers are pitted against each other for jobs, wages, and resources, leading to a sense of isolation and antagonism. This hinders the development of solidarity and collective action among workers.
It's important to note that Marx saw these types of alienation as interconnected and stemming from the core contradiction of capitalism, which pits the interests of the worker against those of the capitalist. He believed that overcoming these forms of alienation required a fundamental transformation of the economic system, leading to a socialist society where workers own and control the means of production.