* Nominative: Subject of a verb (e.g., *he* in "He is walking")
* Accusative: Direct object of a verb (e.g., *him* in "I saw him")
* Dative: Indirect object of a verb (e.g., *him* in "I gave the book to him")
* Genitive: Possession (e.g., *his* in "His book")
These cases were marked by endings on nouns, pronouns, and adjectives.