1. Embedded Clauses:
- Noun Clauses: Clauses that function as nouns, e.g., "I know that he is coming."
- Adjective Clauses: Clauses that modify nouns, e.g., "The book which I read yesterday was interesting."
- Adverb Clauses: Clauses that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, e.g., "I went to the store because I needed milk."
2. Participial Phrases:
- Present participles (-ing) acting as adjectives, e.g., "The running dog chased its tail."
- Past participles (-ed or irregular forms) acting as adjectives, e.g., "The broken window needed repair."
3. Gerund Phrases:
- Verb forms ending in "-ing" functioning as nouns, e.g., "Swimming is my favorite hobby."
4. Infinitive Phrases:
- "To" + verb acting as noun, adjective, or adverb, e.g., "To learn is important."
5. Absolute Phrases:
- Phrases that modify the entire sentence, often containing a noun and a participle, e.g., "The game being over, we went home."
6. Coordination and Subordination:
- Coordination: Joining clauses with coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, so), e.g., "I went to the park, and I played with my friends."
- Subordination: Joining clauses with subordinating conjunctions (because, although, since, etc.), e.g., "Although it was raining, I went for a walk."
7. Inversion:
- Reversing the typical subject-verb order, often for emphasis, e.g., "Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset."
8. Passive Voice:
- Emphasizing the action rather than the actor, e.g., "The ball was caught by the player."
9. Conditional Sentences:
- Expressing conditions and consequences, e.g., "If you study hard, you will succeed."
10. Relative Clauses:
- Clauses that modify nouns using relative pronouns (who, which, that), e.g., "The woman who lives next door is a doctor."
Examples of Complex Grammatical Forms:
* "The book that I borrowed from the library is about how to write better essays, which I need to do for my English class."
* "Walking along the beach, I saw a beautiful sunset, which made me feel happy and relaxed.
* "Although it was raining, she decided to go for a run because she needed some exercise."
These are just some examples, and the complexity of grammatical forms can vary greatly depending on the specific structure and the context in which it is used. Understanding complex grammatical forms is essential for comprehending and producing sophisticated language.