1. Setting Off Parenthetical Information:
* Similar to commas and parentheses, but with greater emphasis: Dashes can enclose information that adds detail or clarification, but is not essential to the main sentence.
* Example: "The dog, a scruffy terrier mix, — he was named Buster — followed me everywhere."
* More dramatic than commas: Dashes create a stronger pause and draw attention to the enclosed information.
* Example: "The truth is — I have no idea."
2. Marking an Abrupt Change in Thought:
* Creating a sharp break: Dashes indicate a sudden shift in direction or a dramatic twist.
* Example: "I thought I was ready for anything — until I saw the spider."
3. Introducing a List or Explanation:
* Emphasizing the list or explanation: Dashes can introduce a series of items or a clarifying statement.
* Example: "He had three goals in mind — to succeed, to impress his boss, and to win the respect of his colleagues."
4. Emphasizing a Phrase or Clause:
* Creating a dramatic pause: Dashes can highlight a particular phrase or clause, making it stand out from the rest of the sentence.
* Example: "I was determined to — succeed."
5. Introducing a Definition or Explanation:
* Similar to a colon: Dashes can introduce a definition or explanation, especially when the explanation is lengthy or complex.
* Example: "There are two types of cats — domestic and wild."
Important Notes:
* Use dashes sparingly: Don't overuse dashes, as they can become distracting if used too frequently.
* Double dashes: In American English, use two dashes (em dashes) to enclose parenthetical information.
* Single dash: In British English, a single dash (en dash) is often used.
* Placement: Dashes should be placed outside of quotation marks.
Example Sentences:
* Parenthetical Information: "The house, a stately Victorian — it was built in 1890 — was a sight to behold."
* Abrupt Change: "I was going to say something — but then I decided against it."
* List: "She needed three things — a new dress, a pair of shoes, and a purse."
* Emphasis: "He was going to — escape."
* Definition: "A noun is — a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea."
By following these guidelines, you can effectively use dashes to add clarity, emphasis, and style to your writing.