Here's a breakdown:
* Proto: This prefix means "early" or "primitive."
* Literate: This refers to the ability to read and write.
Therefore, proto-literate refers to a stage of development where:
* Writing systems are not yet fully developed: There might be rudimentary forms of writing, such as pictograms or ideograms, but they are not yet fully standardized or used for complex communication.
* Complex systems of record-keeping are emerging: These societies may use tokens, knotted cords (quipu), or other methods to keep track of information, indicating a need for a more developed system of recording.
* Advanced social structures are present: Proto-literate societies often have complex social structures, including specialized roles and institutions, which require sophisticated forms of communication and record-keeping.
Examples of proto-literate societies:
* The Indus Valley Civilization: This ancient civilization in South Asia used a complex system of symbols, but their meaning remains largely undeciphered.
* The Early Bronze Age in Mesopotamia: This period witnessed the development of cuneiform writing, but its use was still limited to a select few scribes.
* The Olmec civilization in Mesoamerica: They developed a complex system of symbols, but their writing system remains largely undeciphered.
In summary, "proto-literate" refers to a period of cultural development where writing systems are nascent and where societies exhibit precursors to fully developed literacy. It represents a transitional phase between pre-literate and fully literate societies.