Branches under Theoretical and Applied Linguistics:
Theoretical Linguistics:
* Phonetics & Phonology: Study of speech sounds and sound systems.
* Morphology: Study of word formation and structure.
* Syntax: Study of sentence structure and grammar.
* Semantics: Study of meaning and interpretation.
* Pragmatics: Study of language use in context.
* Psycholinguistics: Study of the psychological processes involved in language.
* Neurolinguistics: Study of the neurological basis of language.
* Sociolinguistics: Study of the relationship between language and society.
* Historical Linguistics: Study of language change over time.
* Computational Linguistics: Study of language using computational methods.
* Typology: Study of the cross-linguistic variation in language structure.
* Formal Semantics: Study of language using formal logic and mathematical methods.
Applied Linguistics:
* Language Teaching & Learning: Study of language acquisition and teaching methods.
* Second Language Acquisition: Study of how people learn a second language.
* Bilingualism & Multilingualism: Study of individuals who speak more than one language.
* Language Assessment & Testing: Study of methods for evaluating language proficiency.
* Translation & Interpreting: Study of the process of translating and interpreting languages.
* Corpus Linguistics: Study of language using large databases of texts.
* Discourse Analysis: Study of language in context and how it is used to communicate meaning.
* Forensic Linguistics: Study of language in legal settings.
* Language Policy & Planning: Study of language policies and their impact on society.
* Language and Culture: Study of the relationship between language and culture.
* Clinical Linguistics: Study of language disorders and their treatment.
* Computational Linguistics (Applied Focus): Application of computational methods to real-world language problems.
This is not an exhaustive list, but it covers the major branches within theoretical and applied linguistics. Many of these fields have further sub-fields and overlap with each other.
It's important to note that the distinction between theoretical and applied linguistics can be blurry, as theoretical insights often have practical applications and applied research can contribute to theoretical understanding.